Last modified: 2007-08-12 by ivan sache
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![[Flag of Ohrid]](../images/m/mk-ohri1.gif)
![[Flag of Ohrid]](../images/m/mk-ohri.gif)
Municipal flag of Ohrid
Left, as used in the town - Image by Ivan Sache & Mello Luchtenberg, 14 April 2007
Right, following the official description - Image by Mello Luchtenberg, 3 April 2007
See also:
The municipality of Ohrid (55,749 inhabitants; 389.93 sq. km) is made of the town of Ohrid and the settlements of Vapila, Velgošti, Velestovo, Gorno Lakočerej, Dolno Konjsko, Dolno Lakočerej, Elčani, Zavoj, Konjsko, Kosel, Kuratica, Lagadin, Leskoec, Livoišta, Ljubaništa, Openica, Orman, Peštani, Plakje, Podmolje, Pamce, Pasino, Pečica, Sviništa, Sirula, Skrebatno, Trpejca and Čipokno.
The town of Ohrid is built on the site of the antique town of
Lychnidos, described in Byzantine sources as "situated on a high hill
near the large lake of Lychnidos, by which also the town was named
Lychnis, previously known as Dyassarites". Several Roman documents say
that Lychnidos was located on the Via Egnatia, the shortest route from
Rome to the Eastern Empire, already a main regional communication route
long before the Roman colonization. Herodotus call the oldest
inhabitants of the region Brigians (Phrygians who migrated after the
fall of Troy) and Enhelians. The name of the Enhelians comes from the
Greek word encheleus, a snake or rather an eel, maybe because
Lake Ohrid is rich in eels. The early history of Lychnidos is less
known; the Enhelians have been considered as the same people as the
Illyrians, although Herodotus clearly says there are two different
peoples. Philip II of Macedonia defeated the Illyrians near today's
Bitola and expelled them to the north-eastern shore of Lake Ohrid.
In 335 BC, the revolted Illyrian ruler Klit was defeated by Alexander
and Illyria was probably annexed to Macedonia as a province. In the
IIIrd century BC, Rome expanded eastwards and later suppressed the
powerful Macedonian state after three wars and the eventual defeat of
King Perseus; Macedonia became a colony in 146 BC and Lychnidos emerged
as the main Roman town in the region, which was known as Desaretia. The
town was wealthy, as proved by its numerous monuments, especially the
Roman theater rediscovered in the beginning of the XXth century.
In 343 AD, the acts of the conclave of Serdika were signed, among
others, by "Dionysius de Macedonia de Lychnido", the only known Bishop
of Lychnidos in the IVth century. This confirms the mention of the town
as an episcopal centre in sources from the late classical period. The
history of Lychnidos ended on 29-30 May 526 when the town was destroyed
by an earthquake that killed several thousands of its inhabitants.
Since Lychnidos was never mentioned again by later sources, it is
believed (but not proved) that the town was never rebuilt.
The Slavic colonization of the region of Ohrid was achieved in the 630s
by the tribe of Berzites, which had entered a decade earlier the
grand Slavic alliance led by Hatczon. The Berzite territory, spreading
up to the modern sites of the towns of Veleš, Kavadarci, Prilep, Bitola
and Debar, was called by the Byzantines Sclavinia Berzitia. The ruined
town of Lychnidos was rebuilt and renamed Ohrid, maybe after the Slavic
root hrid, a hill. By the end of the VIth century, the Byzantine
influence disappeared and the town developed, which prepared the
emergence of a powerful medieval state. There are very few historical
sources on that period.
In the late VIIth century, the Bulgarian Tsar Boris incorporated most
of Sclavinia into his state. The tsar imposed the Christian religion to
the region; in 846, he allowed Greek priests to christen his subjects.
In 886, the tsar commissioned the monk Clement (d. 916), later known as
St. Clement of Ohrid, to found a Slavic church in a region covering
modern southwest Macedonia and southern Albania. For the next seven
years, Clement selected and taught 3,500 students and built or rebuilt
several churches. When Clement was appointed Bishop of Velika by the
new Tsar Simeon (893-927), he was succeeded by St. Naum (d. 910).
Clement and Naum founded the Ohrid Glagolitic Literary School, which
was the base of the further Slavic literature and culture. In the
second half of the IXth century, Ohrid was a main center of the Slavic
culture.
At the end of the Xth century, the Bulgarian Tasr Peter died during a
conflict with the Byzantines and the Russians. In 969, the sons of the
Slav prince Nikola launched an uprising in the region of Ohrid and
proclaimed an independent state known as Samuel's Empire. Samuel
increased his state to Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece (Salonica excluded),
Albania and Croatia and obtained from the Pope the upgrading of the
Macedonian Church to a Patriarcate. Ohrid, a medieval town (polis)
protected by a citadel (acropolis), became the political and religious
capital of Samuel's Empire. The town was seized in 1015 by the
Byzantine Emperor Basil II; the fortress, however, was kept by Samuel's
heir, Tsar Jovan Vladislav, who was murdered in 1018. Basil ordered the
suppression of the former Empire's main towns to prevent any further
uprising; in 1073, Ohrid was considered as ruined. The Emperor,
however, maintained the Ohrid Archiepiscopate as a means of controlling
the region. In 1081-1085, Ohrid was occupied by the Normans from
Sicily; the erudite Al Idrisi, from the court of Palermo gave in his
Geography (1153) a detailed description of Ohrid. After the Normans'
withdrawal, Ohrid was submitted to religious unrest caused by the
Bogomils, Manichean sectarians said to be the remote origin of the
Cathares (often called in France bougres, a deformation of
Bulgares).
In 1204, the Crusaders seized Constantinople and Ohrid was incorporated
to the Latin Kingdom of Salonica. The cultural activity did not
decrease; in 1230-1242, the scholars Beloslav, Josif and Tihota wrote a
manuscript made of 264 papyrus sheets, known as the Bologna Psalter. In
1334, the Serbian king Dušan seized the towns of Ohrid, Prilep and
Strumica, and kept them until the Ottoman invasion at the end of the
XIVth century.
Some Turkish documents seem to indicate that the Turks seized Ohrid in 1395, Chandarli Hairudin Pacha becaming Vizir. The presence of the Turks in the region is ascertained by an inscription in the St. Ilija church of the village of Elsani, dated 1408. The sanjak of Ohrid was one of the oldest and most important in the Balkan; it was ruled by a sanjak-bey, the first of them being Ajdinian Guneid Bey, appointed in 1406. After the colonization, the Ottomans transformed ancient Christian buildings into Muslim ones, such as the St. Pantheleimon monastery of Plaosnik, transformed in what was most probably the first mosque in the region. In the XVIth century, the St. Sophia cathedral was also transformed into a mosque. In 1582, a census yielded 13,592 inhabitants for Ohrid, whose municipality included 88 villages. The Ottomans did not suppress the Ohrid Archiepiscopate, which enlarged progressively its zone of influence, incorporating the Eparchies of Sofia and Vidin (early XVth century), Vlaska and Moldavia (middle XVth century), parts of the Serbian Church prior to the reestablishment of the Pec Patriarchy, and even for a while in the XVIth century the Italian Eparchy. In the late XVIIth century, conflicts within local parties caused the suppression of the Ohrid Archbishopric by the Sultan in January 1767, following the resignation of Archbishop Arsenius, and its incorporation to the Constantinople Patriarchate. In the XIXth century, the ruler of Ohrid, Gheladin Bey attempted to increase its autonomy, which caused a lot of troubles with the Sultan and his feudal neighbours; the town was hit by the black plague in 1810 and 1816. Gheladin hired Kuzman Kapidan to defend the town; he and his band of 40 soldiers are celebrated in several folk songs. The Sultan's army eventually attacked and seized Ohrid; in October 1832, Gheladin Bey fled to Egypt and his properties were confiscated by the Sultan.
In the XIXth century, Ohrid was a center of the Slavic revival, led y
the school teacher Dimitar Miladinov, who published together with his
brother Konstantin Collected Works in Zagreb in 1861. He was followed
by his student Grigor Prlicev, whose Autobiography (1885) relates the
Ohrid revival. Another teacher, Kuzman Sapkarev, wrote eight books in
the local dialect from 1868 to 1874. At the same time, an uprising
known as The Ohrid Conspiracy, the Ohrid-Demir Hisar Rebellion or the
Brsjak Rebellion, broke out in Ohrid during the Russian-Ottoman war; in
May 1881, the plotters met in the monastery of Slepce in Demir Hisar
to prepare an uprising scheduled to fall 1881 in Ohrid, Resen, Prilep,
Demir Hisar and Kruševo. The Ottomans were warned and several members of the conspiracy were arrested and jailed for years.
In 1903, 31 battles of the Ilinden Uprising took place in the region of Ohrid, where several villages were burnt down by the Turks. The biggest
battle took place near Rasanec, during which most leaders of the
insurrection were killed, which ended it. During the Uprising, the town
of Ohrid was used as a resupplying base and an hospital was founded by
the teachers from the town, later transferred to the English Mission.
In the beginning of the XXth century, Ohrid declined and several of its
inhabitants emigrated to America, for instance 3,639 in 1907. During
the Balkan Wars, Ohrid was successively incorporated to Serbia (1913),
to Bulgaria (1915) and eventually to Serbia (1915), and later to the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, on the border with Albania,
which was fixed only in 1926. During the Second World War, Ohrid was
occupied by the Bulgarians and then the Germans, and was eventually
liberated on 8 November 1944. On 17-18 July 1967, the Holy Synod of the
Macedonian Orthodox Church gathered in the St. Sofia church in Ohrid
and issued the Declaration on Proclamation of Autocephality of the
Macedonian Orthodox Church, as the successor of the restored Ohrid
Archieposcopate.
On 1 August 2001, the Ohrid Agreement was signed by representatives of
the Macedonian government and the Albanian ethnic minority; it was
approved by the Albanian guerilla on 13 August and ended the unrest in
the ethnic Albanian areas of Macedonia.
Lake Ohrid (Ohridsko Jezero), shared by Macedonia and Albania (2:1,
called in Albania Lake Pogradec) is surrounded by ranges of karstic
mountains (Mokra, 1,589 m; Jablanica, 1,945 m on the Albanian side;
Galicica, 2,255 m on the Macedonian side). The area of the lake is 358.
2 sq. km (maximum length, 30.8 km; maximum width, 14. 8 km; average
depth, 164 m; maximal depth, 289 m). The lake was formed in the
Tertiary era and is therefore pre-glaciary and among the oldest lakes
on Earth. Most of its water comes from surface and underground springs.
In the beginning of the XXth century, the geologist J. Cvijic
postulated that the water from Lake Prešpa, located 158 m
higher, was able to percolate through the karstic areas separating the
two lakes; the connection between the lakes was indeed proved in 1980,
using natural isotopes: half of the water of the springs located near
Sveti Naum comes from Lake Prešpa. Lake Ohrid harbours a rich
flora and fauna with several endemic and relic species. There are for
instance 36 species of Copepods (small crustaceans) in the lake, six of
them being endemic and two of them (Diacyclops ichnusoides and
Bryocampus mirus) having been described in 1997.
Lake Ohrid is a unique ecosystem that needs to be preserved. In February
2005, Macedonia completely banned fishing of the endemic trouts (Ohrid
Trout and Belvica), two endangered species. However, poaching and the
lack of protection measures on the Albanian sides have led to a
decrease of the trout populations.
Swimming competitions started in Lake Ohrid in 1924. The
international Ohrid Swimming Marathon (30 km from Sveti Naum to the
port of Ohrid) was reestablished in 1992; it is since 1998 one of the
12 swimming marathons sponsored by the World Swimming Association.
In 1979, the UNESCO Committee inscribed Lake Ohrid on the World Heritage List under natural criteria. In 1980, the listing was extended to include the cultural and historical area, and cultural criteria were added.
Sources:
Ivan Sache, 14 April 2007
The flag of Ohrid is described on the offical municipal website as follows:
"The municipality has a flag in dark blue
colour. The municipal coat of arms is in the centre of
the upper half of the flag. Ratio is 2:1."
However, most flags used in Ohrid are as shown on the Macedonian Ministry of Local
Self-Government website (page no longer online), that is vertical, in proportion 5:3, blue with the municipal emblem in the middle.
The emblem is a yellow circle, in which is placed a blue diamond
outlined in yellow and connected to the circle by two vertical yellow
stripes. Inside the diamond is placed the municipal shield. The basis
of the shield shows a ship on Lake Ohrid.
The ring with diamond
surrounding the emblem is the emblem of UNESCO World Heritage List. I believe that the designer of the shield without the writing was the late Pero Cimbur, a designer from Zagreb. Along the chief is probably inscribed in Cyrillic letters the name of the town.
Valentin Poposki, Ivan Sache & Željko Heimer, 3 April 2007
![[Flag of Kosel]](../images/m/mk-kose.gif)
Municipal flag of Kosel - Image by Mello Luchtenberg & António Martins, 11 November 2006
The former municipality of Kosel (1,369 inhabitants in 2002; 182 sq. km) was incorporated into the municipality of Ohrid in 2004. It is mostly known for the monument of nature Duvalo, described on the Natural Heritage of the Republic of Macedonia website as follows:
The sulfur find "Duvalo" is an active post-volcanic phenomenon situated close to the village of Kosel, near Ohrid. Its appearance resembles miniature crater with a diameter of 0.5 m and depth of 30 cm. Gases of carbon dioxide and sulfur hydrogen are released from its hole, making this phenomenon mofeta (sulfur hydrogen find) and sulfatara (hole releasing gases of sulfur and hydrogen) at the same time. It represents the last trace of extinction of a former volcanic activity.
The flag of Kosel, as shown on the website of the Ministry of Self-Local Government (page no longer online), is blue with a white triangle along the hoist, charged with the
municipal emblem.
The emblem is a blue disk with a green mountainous background and a
main charge most probably representing the Duvalo "volcano".
The image shown above was made after an earlier version of the website (no longer online, either), slightly differing by the writing OPŠTINA (municipality) KOSEL. On the image, KOSEL is written on the volcano whereas OPŠTINA is written on a golden scroll placed below the volcano. On the later website image, OPŠTINA is written on the volcano above KOSEL whereas the scroll is indeed three golden lines. The font also differs between the two emblems.
Ivan Sache, 11 November 2006
The burgee of Sailing Club AMAC SP "Bofor" is shown on the club website.
Valentin Poposki, 3 September 2006