Katanga / Shaba (Democratic Republic of Congo)

(Separatist state 1960 - 1963)

Last modified: 2006-01-14 by bruce berry
Keywords: shaba | katanga |
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• Background
• Description of the flag
• Meaning of the Couped Saltires
• Variations of the flag
• Variant #1
• Variant #2
• Variant #3
• Variant #4
• Variant #5
• Variant #6
• Crosses on stamps
• Copper-colored crosses on stamp

• Katanga - Airforce Roundel
• Katanga - Military Police flag

• Democratic Republic of Congo
• DR Congo : national index
• Separatist movements in the DR Congo
• South Kasai
• Lualaba

Background

On 11 July 1960, with the connivance of Belgium and the support of Belgian mining and commercial firms, Moise Tshombe, the Katanga leader, took advantage of the breakdown of law and order in the newly independent Congo to declare Katanga an independent state.  Belgian troops were used to disarm and expel Congolese army units from the territory although Belgium did not officially recognise Katanga.  Its main purpose was to insulate the province from the disorder and militant nationalism sweeping the rest of the Congo and safeguard Western investment there.  The Congolese government under Patrice Lumumba called for UN intervention and within a few days a UN force arrived in the country.  Belgian troops were eventually withdrawn from the Congo and Lumumba insisted that UN troops be used to end the secession by Katanga, by force if necessary. Despite continuing unrest in the remainder of the Congo, efforts to resolve the Katanga "crisis" were unsuccessful until the failure of diplomatic efforts led to a further build up of UN troops resulting in the surrender of President Tshombe and his government on 15 January 1963, following which Katanga passed into the control of the UN and central Congolese government.
Bruce Berry, 27 January 2001

This flag is widely used today's by Katanga as a "Provincial" flag (Katanga has an unofficial semi-autonomy status under Kabila's regime).
Jean-Luc Sohier, 19 February 2001

The flag was designed by my Godfather, Mr Louis Dressen. He was born in Bielefeld (Germany) and moved to Liège (Belgium). After a while in Zanzibar as manager of a Belgian bank and settled in Katanga in 1925. He was formerly the manager of Banque du Congo Belge in Elisabethville. Althought a businessman (Les Bureaux Modernes, Carrières de la Karavia, Plantations de Dilolo, ...) and architect, he designed many city maps and the armorial bearings of Elisabethville ("ex imis ad culmina") and of local schools (Institut Marie-José, Collège Saint François de Sales). His wife (92) is still living in Liège (Belgium). Louis Dressen died in Lubumbashi (formerly Elisabethville) in 1972.
Pierre Dressen, 20 Aug 2003

Description of the flag

All four arms of the crosses are the same length; these crosses are supposed to represent ingots and those were (crudely) symmetrical. I have been researching Congo and Katanga for some time for an upcoming book and during this research I’ve gone through numerous photos and documents showing the flag or arms of Katanga, and I've also seen a couple of preserved flags. Hence my knowledge on this subject.
Leif Hellström, 19 Apr 1999

Meaning of the Couped Saltires

The couped saltires are a kind of money. In central Africa, from Congo to Zambia and Zimbabwe, copper has been cast into cross-shaped bars for trade. Those Katanga (or Baluba) crosses came up in various sizes, from a couple of centimetres to nearly half a metre in diameter.
Harald Müller, 10 May 1996

The green stripe symbolises malachite (copper ore).
Werner Steurbaut, 24 February 2001

The saltires/crosses on the flag were called "croisettes" in Katanga. Their heraldic use is prior to the State of Katanga as they were used in the arms of the Katanga Province of the former Belgian Congo and the City of Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi), the capital of Katanga.
The arms of Katanga Province were: "vert with three croisettes copper"; as far as I remember the croisettes were always represented as saltires in this case.
The arms of Elisabethville and, with a slight modification, of Lubumbashi today, were: "Silver with a gules chevron, accompanied by three gules croisettes" (with, on the chevron, a silver crowned E letter for Elisabethville and just L for Lubumbashi). In this case, the croisettes were always crosses. I join an extract of the 1954 patent letter given to Elisabetville. Note that in these letter the croisettes are described as "Katangese monetary croisettes" ("croisettes monetaires katangaises") but not as saltires or crosses; on the included drawing, they are designed as crosses.
Currently, the croisettes were red saltires on most part of the Katangese flags. I remember to have seen sometimes croisettes as crosses on the flag, but never they were copper. They were also in form of saltires for other uses (by instance as rank marks for officers in Army or as marking on military vehicles).
Jean-Luc Sohier, 19 February 2001

The motto of Katanga was "Power, Hope and Peace in Prosperity" ("Force, espoir et Paix dans la Prosperite") and the components of the flag represent it: Red for Power, Green for Hope, White for Peace and the croisettes for Prosperity.
Jean-Luc Sohier, 19 Feb 2001

Variations of the flag

• very often and almost regularly representation of the copper pieces in red;
• use of both saltires (more often) and crosses (less often);
• use of different stylization of the copper pieces, varying from those with unequal arms, over those rough stylization of arms of nearly equal length to very stylized pieces.

Based on a fresh look through my files I can provide the following info, based on the perhaps 15-20 illustrations of actual flags or representations of flags I found:

• All except one had cross’ arms of roughly equal length, and even that exception may have been unintentional.
• About two-thirds had saltires and about one-third had crosses (my memory was obviously wrong on that point).
• Most had tapering arms to their crosses/saltires; the exceptions mostly being on home-made flags.
• A large majority of the crosses/saltires were the same red as the red field in the flag.

Variant #1

As printed on a map of the capital Elisabethville. This has red crosses with tapering arms of equal length and width, rounded ends upper cross between the lower two.
Leif Hellström and Željko Heimer, 26 Apr 1999

Variant #2

Note that the crosses have to be put vertically; on the first level, one at the right side and on the second level, the right one under this of the first level, and the other one at the left side.
J. Feuillat, 09 Jan 1999

Variant #3 (Saltires instead of crosses)

A flag used by a Katangese military unit has red saltires, with arms of equal length and width and rounded ends. This image is one of the most representative of how the flags looked in practice.
Leif Hellström, 26 Apr 1999

I collect banknotes and the last banknote of 10 Francs "produced" by the Republic of Katanga in 1962, but never used (end of independence) has the national flag. The crosses are in the form of saltires (x) and not as (+); IMO that form was on the official flag of the republic
Marc Lasserre, 17 May 2002

We drew the flag in good faith from well researched and persuasive information. I'm sure that we'll find out that the truth about the flag of Katanga is more than having a site visitor saying: "That's wrong, this is the correct one" every other year. Maybe there were several, interchangeable designs? Maybe it changed over time?...
António Martins-Tuválkin, 19 May 2002

Variant #4 (Copper-coloured crosses)

This flag (with copper-colored, symmetrical saltires, placed first above third) is listed under number 5 at the chart Flags of Aspirant Peoples [asp] as: «Katanga [Shaba] (Independent state, 1960-63) - Zaire.».
Ivan Sache, 12 Sep 1999

I think the Katanga crosses should be red, although one sometimes one sees them in copper brown. The proportions are 2:3. [Not according to the official regulation, but indeed used in most depictions.]
Harald Müller, 10 May 1996

Variant #5 (Asymmetrical crosses)

This image was made from a real Katanga flag from the Bruce Berry’s collection. That flag clearly showed the crosses with one arm longer then others.
Željko Heimer, 11 Jan and 26 Apr 1999

I found an image of a Katangese coin of 5 francs showing this kind of cross.
Jarig Bakker, 31 Mar 1999

Variant #6

This small flag [with hoist at the right hand of the viewer — Ed.], shows yet another variation on the theme.
Leif Hellström, 30 Apr 1999

Copper-coloured crosses on stamp

Katanga - Yvert Stamp catalogue ##66-68 depict the whole flag, anyone collecting Katanga stamps?
Jarig Bakker, 25 Apr 2003

You asked about a copy of a stamp of the series 66/68 (Yvert et Tellier) - here is the stamp #61, issued in 1961 with the image of President Tshombe.
B. Lagarrigue, 25 Apr 2003
 

Crosses on stamps

On checking my Katangese stamps, I find that the drawings of the croisettes on the various flag images are fairly accurate. However, it might still be helpful for you to have the two illustrations I've prepared of the two stamp designs. For one thing, they confirm that the saltire conformation was the one preferred by this short-lived state. Yvert Stamp-Catalogue #57 and #54.
Mike Oettle, 02 Jan 2002